Undergraduate Catalog

Biological Sciences

Interim Chairperson: Dr. Richard O. Musser
Office: Waggoner Hall 316
Telephone: (309) 298-1546
Fax: (309) 298-2270
Email: biology@wiu.edu
Website: wiu.edu/biology

Program Offerings and Locations:

  • Bachelor of Science in Biology: Macomb
  • Bachelor of Science in Clinical Laboratory Science: Macomb
  • Minor in Botany: Macomb
  • Minor in Horticulture: Macomb
  • Minor in Microbiology: Macomb
  • Minor in Middle Level Science Teaching: Macomb
  • Minor in Zoology: Macomb

Learning Outcomes

For student learning outcomes, please see wiu.edu/provost/learningoutcomes.

Faculty

Afitlhile, Cooper, Engel, Holt, Hum, Jenkins, MacPherson, Meagher, Musser, Nepal, Peer, Viadero.

Adjunct Faculty

Bohrhunter, Jobst, Wallace.

Kibbe Site Manager

Gillespie.

Advisors

Sandrik-Rubio, Schultz.

GradTrac

GradTrac is available to Biology majors with an option in Botany, Environmental Biology, Medical Sciences, Microbiology, or Zoology, and to Clinical Laboratory Science majors. See more information about GradTrac.

Honors Curriculum

Academically qualified students in this department are encouraged to complete an honors curriculum in University Honors, Honors in the Major, or General Honors. All Honors students must complete the one-hour honors colloquium (G H 299). General Honors includes General Honors coursework. Honors in the Major includes honors work in the major. University Honors combines Honors in the Major and General Honors. View more information about honors curricula or visit the Centennial Honors College website at wiu.edu/honors

Department Information

Biology is one of the most basic fields of science with direct application to humans. Our continued existence on planet Earth depends in large part on how we resolve problems of a biological nature. Biology is a broadly based discipline encompassing a variety of subjects ranging from medicine to ecology. The Biology program at WIU is designed to provide students with a broad exposure to the various areas of Biology.

Majors are offered in Biology (with options in Botany, Environmental Biology, Microbiology, Zoology, Medical Sciences, and Science/Biology Teacher Education) and Clinical Laboratory Science leading to a Bachelor of Science degree. Minors are offered in Botany, Horticulture, Microbiology, Middle Level Science Teaching, and Zoology.

Training in Biology prepares one for a broad spectrum of job opportunities, including teaching, governmental or industrial laboratories, conservation agencies, or business. In addition, students become qualified to pursue graduate studies in any of several areas of study within the Biological Sciences and the health professions.

Students planning to major in the Biological Sciences should have three years of Mathematics and one year each of Biology, Physics, and Chemistry in high school. Current WIU students must be in good standing (2.0 GPA or higher) to declare a major in the Botany, Environmental Biology, Medical Sciences, Microbiology, and Zoology options. Students in the Medical Sciences option should be aware of the high GPA requirements of post-graduate professional programs.

Degree Programs

Bachelor of Science—Biology

All students seeking the Bachelor of Science in Biology must complete I, II, and III.A, III.B, III.C, III.D, III.E, or III.F below, and the Foreign Language/Global Issues requirement or Multicultural Perspectives requirement for the major#. A grade of C (2.0) or better is required in introductory core courses (BOT 200, MICR 200, and ZOOL 200) before enrolling in courses for which they are prerequisites. The minimum semester hour requirement for the baccalaureate degree is 120 s.h.

In accordance with the Illinois State Board of Education licensure rule, all candidates seeking a Professional Education License or endorsement are required by Western Illinois University to obtain a grade of “C-” or better in all directed general education courses, all core courses, and all courses in the option. This rule does not supersede course prerequisite requirements in the catalog that specify a letter grade.

Please see the Teacher Education section of this catalog for more information about WIU’s Teacher Education Program.

  1. University General Education and College of Arts and Sciences Curriculum Requirements: 55 s.h.
    Except Teacher Education students must complete the University General Education Curriculum Requirements—37 s.h.
  2. Core Courses: 24 s.h.
    BIOL 330, 340†, 350, 499; BOT 200; MICR 200; ZOOL 200
  3. Options of Study (select A, B, C, D, E, or F)
    1. Botany
      1. Special Courses: BOT 320, 410, 430†: 9 s.h.
      2. Directed Electives: Select 6 s.h. from any Botany course not previously taken; BIOL 312, 425, 454, 466, 470, 477, 479, 495: 6 s.h.
      3. Any Minor: 16 s.h.
      4. Open Electives: 4 s.h.
      5. Other
        1. Chemistry including organic or biochemistry: 12 s.h.
          Select at least 12 s.h. as one of the following sequences:
          CHEM 101, 102, 221 or CHEM 201, 202, 330 or 331
        2. Complete at least 4 s.h. in the following: 4 s.h.
          MATH 128 or equivalent (see advisor)* and one of:
          MATH 133 or STAT 171 or equivalent (see advisor)
        3. Select at least 6 s.h. in one of the following: 6 s.h.
          1. GEOG 121 and METR 120
          2. GIS 202 and 405
          3. Any two of GEOL 110, 112, 113, 115
          4. One of the following sequences: PHYS 114, 115; PHYS 124, 125; PHYS 211, 213; PHYS 212, 214
          * Completion of MATH 133 satisfies the Mathematics requirement for this option.
    2. Microbiology
      1. Special Courses
        1. Diversity: Select one from MICR 400, 401, 423: 3 s.h.
        2. Applied: Select one from BIOL 466; MICR 451, 465: 3 s.h.
        3. Medical: Select one from MICR 405, 434, 460, 463, 464: 3 s.h.
      2. Directed Electives; Select 6 s.h. from any Microbiology course not previously taken, BIOL 477, or BIOL 495: 6 s.h.
      3. Any Minor: 16 s.h.
      4. Open Electives: 4 s.h.
      5. Other
        1. Chemistry including organic or biochemistry: 12 s.h.
          Select at least 12 s.h. as one of the following sequences:
          CHEM 101, 102, 221 or CHEM 201, 202, 330 or 331
        2. Complete at least 4 s.h. in the following: 4 s.h.
          MATH 128 or equivalent (see advisor)* and one of:
          MATH 133 or STAT 171 or equivalent (see advisor)
        3. Select at least 6 s.h. in one of the following: 6 s.h.
          1. GEOG 121 and METR 120
          2. GIS 202 and 405
          3. Any two of GEOL 110, 112, 113, 115
          4. One of the following sequences: PHYS 114, 115; PHYS 124, 125; PHYS 211, 213; PHYS 212, 214
          4. * Completion of MATH 133 satisfies the Mathematics requirement for this option.
    3. Zoology
      1. Special Courses: ZOOL 411 or 415 or 460, ZOOL 320 or 321, ZOOL 430†: 9 s.h.
      2. Directed Electives: Select 6 s.h. from any Zoology course not previously taken; BIOL 312, 425, 451, 452, 454, 459, 466, 470, 477, 480, 495: 6 s.h.
      3. Any Minor: 16 s.h.
      4. Open Electives: 4 s.h.
      5. Other
        1. Chemistry including organic or biochemistry: 12 s.h.
          Select at least 12 s.h. as one of the following sequences:
          CHEM 101, 102, 221 or CHEM 201, 202, 330 or 331
        2. Complete at least 4 s.h. in the following:
          MATH 128 or equivalent (see advisor)* and one of: MATH 133 or STAT 171 or equivalent (see advisor)
        3. Select at least 6 s.h. in one of the following: : 6 s.h.
          1. GEOG 121 and METR 120
          2. GIS 202 and 405
          3. Any two of GEOL 110, 112, 113, 115
          4. One of the following sequences: PHYS 114, 115; PHYS 124, 125; PHYS 211, 213; PHYS 212, 214
          4. * Completion of MATH 133 satisfies the Mathematics requirement for this option.
    4. Medical Sciences (Pre-Health Professionals)
      1. Special Courses 7 s.h.
        Complete at least 7 s.h. in the following:
        BIOL 170; ZOOL 330 and 331, or ZOOL 321 and 430
      2. Directed Electives
        1. Select at least 3 s.h. from: MICR 400, 405, 425, 434, 460, 463, 464, 465: 3 s.h.
        2. Select at least 6 s.h. from: BIOL 477, 495; MICR 400, 405, 425, 434, 460, 463, 464, 465; ZOOL 320, 321, 330, 331, 420, 430, 432, 460, 461: 6 s.h.
      3. Any Minor: 16 s.h.
      4. Open Electives: 1 s.h.
      5. Other
        1. CHEM 201, 202, and 330 or 331: 13 s.h.
        2. MATH 133: 4 s.h.
        3. STAT 171: 3 s.h.
        4. PHYS 124 and 125: 8 s.h.
    5. Science/Biology—Teacher Education
      1. Special Courses
        1. BIOL 381, 481, 482†; BOT 430† or ZOOL 430†: 10 s.h.
        2. BIOL/GEOL 181; PHYS/GEOG 182: 8 s.h.
        3. CHEM 201, 202: 8 s.h.
        4. PHYS 114: 4 s.h.
        5. GEOL 110: 4 s.h.
      2. Department Electives: 3 s.h.
        Select 3 s.h. from any upper-division BIOL, BOT, MICR, or ZOOL course not previously taken
      3. Science Electives: 0 s.h.
        Additional courses in Biology (BIOL, BOT, MICR, ZOOL), Chemistry, Geography, Geology, or Physics
      4. Other
        1. EDUC 239, 339, 439, 469: 3 s.h.
        2. EDS 202, 301, 303 (2 s.h.), 304 (1), 305, 401: 13 s.h.
        3. MATH 128 or higher: 3 s.h.
          Not to include MATH 362, 364, or 367
        4. STAT 171 or equivalent (see advisor): 3 s.h.
        5. ENG 366: 2 s.h.
        6. SPED 390: 3 s.h.
        7. STCH 480: 12 s.h.
    6. Environmental Biology
      1. Department Electives: 15 s.h.
        Choose 15 s.h. from any of the following courses in Ecology and Evolution, or Biodiversity (specifically, at least one from Ecology and Evolution, and at least one from Biodiversity; and at least one from Field; and at least one BOT course and one ZOOL course)
        1. Ecology and Evolution
          BIOL 312, 425, 426, 451, 452, 454, 456, 458, 459, 477, 479, 495; MICR 451; ZOOL 325, 451, 485
        2. Biodiversity
          BOT 410, 423, 452; MICR 401, 423, 460; ZOOL 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 452, 460
        3. Field
          BIOL 451, 454, 456, 480; BOT 423, 452; MICR 423; ZOOL 410, 411, 452; other field-based courses per approval of department chairperson
      2. Minor: 16 s.h.
        Select one of the following minors: Agriculture; Botany; Environmental Studies; Geographic Information Systems; Geology; Horticulture; Microbiology; Natural Resources Conservation; Recreation, Park and Tourism Administration; Zoology
      3. Open Electives: 4 s.h.
      4. Other: 22 s.h.
        1. Chemistry: 12 s.h.
          Including Organic Chemistry or Biochemistry
          Select at least 12 s.h. as one of the following sequences: CHEM 101, 102, 221 or CHEM 201, 202, 330 or 331
        2. Mathematics/Statistics: 4 s.h.
          Complete at least 4 s.h. in the following: MATH 128 or equivalent (see advisor) and STAT 171; or MATH 133
        3. Select at least 6 s.h. in one of the following: 6 s.h. 
          1. GEOG 121 and METR 120
          2. GIS 202 and 405
          3. Any two of GEOL 110, 112, 113, 115
          4. One of the following sequences: PHYS 114, 115; PHYS 124, 125; PHYS 211, 213; PHYS 212, 214

# The Foreign Language/Global Issues graduation requirement or Multicultural Perspectives graduation requirement may be fulfilled by successfully completing one of the following: 1) a designated foreign language requirement; 2) a General Education Global Issues (GEGI) course; 3) any major’s Discipline-Specific Global Issues (GEGI) course; or 4) an approved Study Abroad program.

† BIOL 340 and BOT 430 fulfill the Writing Instruction in the Disciplines (WID) graduation requirement for the Botany option. BIOL 340 fulfills the WID graduation requirement for the Environmental Biology, Medical Sciences, and Microbiology options. BIOL 340 and ZOOL 430 fulfill the WID graduation requirement for the Zoology option. BIOL 340, BIOL 482, and BOT 430 or ZOOL 430 fulfill the WID graduation requirement for the Science/Biology—Teacher Education option.

Bachelor of Science—Clinical Laboratory Science

All students seeking the Bachelor of Science in Clinical Laboratory Science must complete I, II, III, IV, and V below, and the Foreign Language/Global Issues requirement for the major#. The minimum semester hour requirement for the baccalaureate degree is 120 s.h.

Criteria for majors to advance beyond introductory core courses: Majors must earn a grade of C (2.0) or better in BOT 200, MICR 200, and ZOOL 200, before enrolling in courses for which they are prerequisites

  1. University General Education and College of Arts and Sciences Curriculum Requirements: 55 s.h.
  2. Core Courses: 18 s.h.
    BIOL 499; BOT 200; MICR 200, 434; ZOOL 200, 430†
  3. Directed Electives: 6 s.h.
    Select at least 6 s.h. from the following courses:
    BIOL 330, 340; MICR 400, 460, 463, 464; HS 250
  4. Complete Internship at an Affiliated School of Medical Technology: 30 s.h.
  5. Other
    1. CHEM 201, 202, 330, 421 or CHEM 201, 202, 331, 332: 17 s.h.
    2. Select at least 7 s.h. as one of the following sequences: 7 s.h.
      1. PHYS 114, 115: 8 s.h.
      2. PHYS 124, 125: 8 s.h.
      3. PHYS 211, 213: 8 s.h.
      4. PHYS 212, 214: 7 s.h.
    3. MATH 128 or equivalent (see advisor): 3 s.h.

# The Foreign Language/Global Issues graduation requirement or Multicultural Perspectives graduation requirement may be fulfilled by successfully completing one of the following: 1) a designated foreign language requirement; 2) a General Education Global Issues (GEGI) course; 3) any major’s Discipline-Specific Global Issues (GEGI) course; or 4) an approved Study Abroad program.

† ZOOL 430 fulfills the Writing Instruction in the Disciplines (WID) graduation requirement.

Minors

Minor in Botany: 17 s.h.
  1. BOT 200: 4 s.h.
  2. MICR 200 or ZOOL 200: 4 s.h.
  3. Select one from BOT 320, 410, 430: 3 s.h.
  4. Select 6 s.h. from BIOL 458, 470; BOT 329, 423, 452, 462, 481: 6 s.h.
Minor in Horticulture: 18 s.h.

See Interdisciplinary Studies Minors.

Minor in Microbiology: 17 s.h.
  1. MICR 200: 4 s.h.
  2. BOT 200 or ZOOL 200: 4 s.h.
  3. Select one from MICR 400, 401, 423: 3 s.h.
  4. Select one from BIOL 466; MICR 451, 465: 3 s.h.
  5. Select one from MICR 405, 434, 460, 463, 464: 3 s.h.
Minor in Middle Level Science Teaching: 24 s.h.

Note : This minor is offered in conjunction with the major in Middle Level Education. By itself, this minor will not be sufficient for education endorsement purposes.

  1. BIOL 101; CHEM 101; GEOL 110; PHYS 114; SCED 465: 19 s.h.
  2. Take 5 additional semester hours from one or more of the following areas; at least one course must be a lab course: 5 s.h.
    1. Biology (excluding BIOL 100 and 170), Botany, Microbiology, and/or Zoology
    2. Chemistry (excluding CHEM 100 and 150)
    3. Geography (excluding GEOG 100, 110, 251, 341, 443, 448, 450, and 466)
    4. Geology (excluding GEOL 112)
    5. Physics (excluding PHYS 100, 101, and 124; also, students may not count both PHYS 115 and 125)
Minor in Zoology: 17 s.h.
  1. ZOOL 200: 4 s.h.
  2. BOT 200 or MICR 200: 4 s.h.
  3. Select one from ZOOL 320, 321, 411, 415, 430, 460: 3 s.h.
  4. Select 6 s.h. from BIOL 350, 451, 452, 454, 458, 459, 466; ZOOL 320, 321, 325, 330, 331, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 430, 432, 451, 452, 460, 461, 476: 6 s.h.

Proficiency Examinations

Students may take proficiency examinations for credit in BIOL 100, 101; BOT 200; and ZOOL 200. These examinations are prepared by the faculty of the department, and are generally administered during the first week of the semester. Students must register to take exams beforehand with the Biological Sciences secretary [Waggoner Hall 372, telephone (309) 298-1546.] The department will also grant credit for
Biology proficiency examinations administered by The College Board; AP (Advanced Placement) score ≥ 3, credit = BOT 200 & ZOOL 200; CLEP (College-Level Examination Program) score ≥ 50, credit = BIOL 100; CLEP score ≥ 60, credit = BOT 200 & ZOOL 200. Credit is given for the general Biology course(s) for which a satisfactory examination score has been achieved, and the student may enroll in courses for which the course in question is a prerequisite.

Alice L. Kibbe Life Science Station

The Department of Biological Sciences manages a field station for scientific and instructional use located 45 miles west of Macomb on the Mississippi River. The field station consists of three units, 415 acres owned by the University, 697 acres owned by The Nature Conservancy which serves as a wintering roosting area for Bald Eagles, and 587 acres owned by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources which is primarily river floodplain habitat and a designated nature preserve area. The field station facilities include the resident manager’s house, two large storage buildings for boats and maintenance equipment, and a teaching/resident facility. From three to five field-oriented courses are offered each summer at the field station. For more information, contact Dr. Sean E. Jenkins, Field Station Director, Department of Biological Sciences, Waggoner Hall 215, telephone (309) 298-2045.

Pre-Professional Program

A pre-professional program in Health is available. See the Medical Sciences option for a detailed description of the requirements. Please also see Pre-Professional Programs for additional information.

Dual Program

A dual program in Arts and Sciences and Clinical Laboratory Science is available for Clinical Laboratory Science majors. Please see the Dual Programs section of this catalog for a detailed description of the program.

Course Descriptions

BIOLOGY (BIOL)

Laboratories are required in most courses in the department. A lab use charge applies to all BIOL, BOT, MICR, and ZOOL laboratory courses. Students must participate in all required course activities including field trips as specified by the instructor.

100 Biological Concepts. (4) (General Education/Natural Sciences) A laboratory course recommended for nonscience majors, relating heredity, evolution, ecology, and behavior to human life and the problems of society. This General Education curriculum course does not count toward a major or minor in Biology. IAI: L1 900L.

101 Biological World. (4) A laboratory course recommended for nonscience majors, dealing with the structure and function of the human body and with selected aspects of microbes, plants, and animals and how they affect humans. This course does not count toward a major or minor in Biology.

170 Introduction to Health Careers. (1) Career opportunities in the health professions will be discussed. Vertical and lateral mobilities and education requirements will be stressed.

181 (Cross-listed with GEOL 181) Integrated Science I. (4) A laboratory course in interdisciplinary science with an emphasis on the nature and evolution of life and Earth. Topics include ecology, natural resources, formation of Earth materials, Earth processes, nutrient cycling, cell biology, genetics, and evolution. (Integrated Science II is PHYS/GEOG 182) Not open to students with credit in GEOL 181.

190 Introduction to Biology Research. (1–3, repeatable to 6) Introduction to biological research, which may include introduction to experimental design, basic data collection techniques, scientific writing, and ethics of biological research. Arrange research project with faculty member and department chair before registration. Course recommended for freshmen and sophomores. Maximum of 3 s.h. may be applied to major or minor. Prerequisites: permission of faculty member and department chairperson.

204 Human Biology. (4) An introduction to basic human biology including human development, reproduction, aging, genetics, evolution, and ecology. Laboratory experiments include online simulations and/or purchased kits for homework. This course will not count toward a Biology major.

312 Evolution. (3) A detailed study of the mechanisms of evolution. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better) and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better).

330 Cell and Molecular Biology. (4) Morphological and functional aspects of the cell. Lecture and lab will emphasize cell structure and how this relates to physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better), MICR 200 (C grade or better), and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better).

340 Genetics and Evolutionary Biology. (4) Lecture and lab emphasizing transmission genetics, genetic mapping, and the genetic processes underlying evolutionary processes. Writing Instruction in the Disciplines (WID) course. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better), MICR 200 (C grade or better), and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better); ENG 280.

350 General Ecology. (4) This course examines the causes of patterns in the abundance and distribution of organisms at the population, community, ecosystem, landscape, and global levels. The relationships of ecological principles to environmental issues will be examined. Prerequisites: Two of the following—BOT 200 (C grade or better), MICR 200 (C grade or better), ZOOL 200 (C grade or better).

381 (Formerly BIOL 281) Cross-listed with CHEM/GEOL/MATH/METR/PHYS 381) Introduction to STEM Teaching. (1) Introduction to the science of how students learn, with special emphasis on applications in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) disciplines. Students will connect principles of cognitive psychology and theories of learning to the practice of teaching in STEM classrooms. To be taken concurrently with a field or student work placement approved by the instructor. Not open to students with credit in CHEM/GEOL/MATH/METR/PHYS 381. Prerequisites: at least one introductory level science or math course with a grade of B or higher, AND permission of the instructor.

418 (Cross-listed with CHEM/GEOL/PHYS 418) Introduction to Scanning Electron Microscopy. (4) The course focuses on capabilities and operation of scanning electron microscopes with emphasis on beam-material interactions, sample preparation, image acquisition and analysis, and X-ray measurements with applications in Biology, Chemistry, Geology, and Physics. Not open to students with credit in CHEM/GEOL/PHYS 418. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better), or CHEM 202, or MICR 200 (C grade or better), or PHYS 125, or PHYS 212, or ZOOL 200 (C grade or better); or consent of instructor. 3 hrs. lect.; 2 hrs. lab.

425 Conservation Biology. (3) Biology of small, endangered populations. Genetic and ecological consequences of small population size, reserve design, and intervention to reduce extinction risk. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better), MICR 200 (C grade or better), and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better); BIOL 340 or 350, or permission of the instructor.

426 (Cross-listed with GEOG 426) Conservation and Management of Natural Resources. (3) Problems in the conservation and management of natural resources including soil, water, rangeland, forest, wildlife, air, and energy resources. Special attention to resource problems of the United States. Not open to students with credit in GEOG 426. Prerequisites: GEOG 121 and METR 120, or consent of instructor.

451 Ecological Techniques. (3) Techniques and analytical methods used to examine terrestrial and aquatic communities are studied, including data analysis specific to those techniques. Includes field experience. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better) and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better) or permission of the instructor.

452 Biological Applications of GIS. (3) This course deals with biological problems examined using data acquisition and analytical methods from geographic information systems (GIS) and global positioning systems (GPS). Prerequisites: One Biology course and either GIS 201 or 202.

454 Mississippi River Ecology. (3) Students will be given an opportunity to study the structure and function of major abiotic and biotic components of a major river system. Emphasis will be placed on understanding how the components interact and are influenced 
by activities related to human interdiction. Prerequisite: one year of Biology or permission of the instructor.

456 Fire/Disturbance Ecology. (3) This course examines the role of fire and other disturbances on the distribution and ecology of plants, animals, and microbes in their natural environments. Opportunity for the Nature Conservancy’s prescribed burn and Federal basic wildland firefighter’s certifications will be available. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better) and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better), or permission of the instructor.

458 Plant-Animal Interactions. (3) Explores the co-evolutionary relationships of plants and animals. Lecture topics will include herbivory, pollination biology, and dispersal. Lab emphasis will be placed on research experiments that utilize chemical, behavioral, and molecular techniques, and review of the scientific literature. Prerequisite: BIOL 330, BOT 200 (C grade or better), ZOOL 200 (C grade or better), or permission of instructor.

459 (Cross-listed with GEOG 459) Biogeography. (3) Study of the geographical distributions of organisms, the evolutionary and ecological processes underlying the patterns of distribution, and the role of biogeography in biological conservation. Not open to students with credit in GEOG 459. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better) and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better), or consent of instructor.

466 Biotechnology. (3) Issues covering the genetic and cellular manipulation of organisms to produce natural products and processes 
that are of major economic, environmental, and social importance will be examined. Laboratory projects involve DNA manipulation of bacteria. Prerequisites: MICR 200 (C grade or better), and one of the following: BIOL 330 or BIOL 340, or permission of the instructor.

470 Seminar. (1, repeatable to 2) Seminar for senior Biology majors.

476 Special Topics. (3, repeatable to 9 for different topics) This course explores a topic in biology of current interest. See course schedule for description. Only 6 s.h. may count toward a major. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better), MICR 200 (C grade or better), and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better).

477 Research Experience in Biology. (1–12, repeatable to 12) Research experience with a Biological Sciences faculty member. A final report and/or seminar may be required. Maximum of 3 s.h. may be applied to major or minor. Prerequisites: sophomore standing; BOT 200 (C grade or better), MICR 200 (C grade or better), and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better); and permission of instructor. Arrange research project with faculty member and department chair before registration.

478 Honors Thesis in Biological Sciences. (1) A thesis prepared under the direction of one or more faculty members. Satisfactory oral defense of thesis required before credit is given for the course. Prerequisites: Honors major in Biology with senior standing; completion of BOT/ZOOL/MICR 477H.

479 Tropical Ecology. (3) Introduction to tropical ecology. This course may include travel to a tropical site. Students will be responsible for trip expenses. Prerequisite: BOT 200 (C grade or better), ZOOL 200 (C grade or better), and permission of instructor.

480 Field Natural History. (3) A course designed to introduce students to local ecosystems and the species that exist within them. The course will emphasize species identification, natural history, and interpretation. Prerequisite: C or better in one of the following: BIOL 100, BOT 200, RPTA 111, ZOOL 200; or permission of instructor.

482 (Cross-listed with CHEM/GEOL/METR/PHYS 482) Science in Context. (3) Interdisciplinary course for science majors in which students explore science through inquiry, the unifying principles of science, and the role of social contexts and ethics in science. Writing Instruction in the Disciplines (WID) course. Not open to students with credit in CHEM/GEOL/METR/PHYS 482. Prerequisites: senior standing in one of the following science majors—Biology, Chemistry, Physics, or Meteorology; ENG 280; or permission of instructor.

495 Internship in Biology. (1–12, repeatable to 12) Practical experience in the Biological Sciences with an approved employer. 40 contact hours per credit hour and a written report are required. Maximum of 3 s.h. may be applied to major or minor. Prerequisites: 60 s.h. and permission of the department chair. Graded S/U only.

499 Assessment of Biological Knowledge. (0) Students pursuing a bachelor’s degree through the Biological Sciences Department are required to take this course in their last semester. Students will complete an assessment on their knowledge of biological concepts. Prerequisites: BOT 200, MICR 200, and ZOOL 200; senior standing in the Department; permission of the instructor. Graded S/U only.

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION

239 Pre-Teacher Education Program Admittance. (0, repeatable with no maximum) Students pursuing teacher licensure are required to take this course in the semester they plan to be fully accepted in the Teacher Education Program (TEP). Students must meet established departmental criteria for admittance to TEP. Graded S/U.

339 Pre-Student Teaching Clearance. (0) Students pursuing teacher licensure are required to take this course prior to their student teaching semester. Students must meet established criteria for departmental clearance to student teach. Prerequisites: Full admittance to the Teacher Education Program (TEP). Graded S/U.

439 Methods of Teaching Middle and High School Science. (3) Study of secondary teaching methods (Grades 6–12) from the standpoints 
of theory and practice, curriculum objectives and standard implementation, materials, and evaluation and assessment. Included are demonstrations, discussions, lectures, classroom participation, and field observations. Prerequisites: BIOL/GEOL 181 or GEOG/PHYS 182, BIOL/CHEM/GEOL/METR/PHYS 381, and EDS 301 (all with C- grade or better). Corequisite: EDS 303.

469 Pre-Licensure Clearance. (0) Students pursuing teacher licensure are required to take this course in the semester they student teach. Students must meet criteria established by the department in order to be recommended for licensure. Prerequisite: departmental clearance to student teach. Corequisite: Student Teaching (STCH). Graded S/U.

480 Student Teaching. See STCH 480.

481 (Cross-listed with CHEM/GEOL/METR/PHYS 481) Techniques and Issues in Science Teaching. (3) An interdisciplinary course wherein preservice middle and high school science teachers develop techniques and resources appropriate for their instructional program, deepen understanding of scientific concepts, and examine lab safety. Requires involvement in several professional development activities outside of class time. Not open to students with credit in CHEM/GEOL/METR/PHYS 481. Prerequisites: EDUC 439 and ENG 280 or equivalent. Corequisite: BIOL/CHEM/GEOL/METR/PHYS 482.

BOTANY (BOT)

200 Introduction to Plant Biology. (4) (General Education/Natural Sciences) A lecture and laboratory course recommended for science majors and minors, emphasizing basic principles in plant biology including scientific inquiry, cell biology, genetics, ecology, evolution, and diversity in plant anatomy and physiology. IAI: L1 910L; BIO 910 as BOT/ZOOL 200 sequence.

320 Plant Anatomy. (3) Structure and development of vascular plant organs. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better) and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better).

329 Plant Structure & Function. (3) A study of plant structure and function including photosynthesis, photoperiodism, tropisms, water and mineral uptake and transport, and an understanding of the angiosperm life cycle. Closed to students who have taken BOT 320 or BOT 430. Prerequisite: BIOL 100 or HORT 180 or ZOOL 200 (C grade or better) or consent of instructor.

357 (Cross-listed with HORT 357) Cannabis Biology and Production. (3) Lecture/lab/field course on the biology and agricultural use of Cannabis sativa (industrial hemp) including cannabis anatomy, physiology, breeding, propagation methods, management techniques, reintroduction into farming crop rotation, commercial production strategies, post-harvest processing, and product applications. Not open to students with credit in HORT 357. Prerequisite: AGRN 176, BOT 200, or HORT 180; BOT 329 or permission of instructor. 2 hrs. lect.; 2 hrs. lab.

410 Plant Systematics. (3) The basic systems, principles, and methods of plant systematics; the identification and classification of Illinois vascular plants. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better) and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better).

423 Phycology. (3) Morphology, taxonomy, physiology, genetics, and ecology of the algae, particularly freshwater forms. May not be 
taken by students who have completed MICR 423. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better) and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better).

430 Plant Physiology. (3) Physiological processes of plants as an interaction of structure, chemistry, physical characteristics, and environment. Writing Instruction in the Disciplines (WID) course. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better); ZOOL 200 (C grade or better); one year of Chemistry; ENG 280.

452 Freshwater Biology. (3) Common freshwater organisms and some of their relationships to one another, to their environment, and to people. May not be taken by students who have completed ZOOL 452. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better) and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better).

463 (Cross-listed with ANTH 463) Ethnobotany. (4) (Multicultural) A survey of how indigenous people use and classify plants in comparison to modern, scientific principles of botany and plant chemistry, and the use of traditional knowledge by modern science. May require field work travel at student expense. Not open to students with credit in ANTH 463. Prerequisites: BIOL 100, 101; BOT 200 (C grade or better); ZOOL 200 (C grade or better); ANTH 110 or SOC 100; or permission of instructor.

476 Special Topics. (3–9, repeatable to 9 for different topics) This course explores a topic in botany of current interest. See course schedule for description. Only 6 s.h. may count toward major. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better) and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better).

481 Experimental Plant Biology. (3) A laboratory oriented course providing experience in designing, implementing, analyzing, and reporting botanically-oriented experiments. Field experiments, greenhouse experiments, and laboratory experiments will be conducted, spanning a range of investigations from plant physiology to community ecology. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better) and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better).

MICROBIOLOGY (MICR)

200 Introductory Microbiology. (4) A lecture and laboratory course recommended for science majors and minors, providing an introduction to microorganisms with emphasis on the biology, methodology, and applied aspect of viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and slime molds.

400 Bacteriology. (3) Cultural, morphologic, and metabolic properties and methods of isolation of bacteria as related to home and community life, industry, medicine, and agriculture. Prerequisites: one year of Chemistry; BOT 200 (C grade or better), MICR 200 (C grade or better), and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better).

401 Mycology. (3) An introduction to the biology of the fungi emphasizing their morphology, ecology, physiology, and applied aspects, as well as laboratory techniques used in isolation, culture, and identification. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better), MICR 200 (C grade 
or better), and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better), or permission of instructor.

405 Virology. (3) A study of the biological characteristics of animal, plant, and bacterial viruses and the viruses which cause disease. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better), MICR 200 (C grade or better), and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better).

423 Phycology. (3) Morphology, taxonomy, physiology, genetics, and ecology of the algae, particularly freshwater forms. May not be 
taken by students who have completed BOT 423. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better) and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better).

425 (Cross-listed with CHEM 425) Biochemistry of Human Disease. (4) Biochemical aspects of human diseases with emphasis on cancer and genetic disorders. The course focuses on biochemical principles of disease development and contemporary biochemistry and molecular biology methods and approaches for drug development and cancer treatments. Not open to students with credit in CHEM 425. Prerequisites: BIOL 330 and CHEM 421. 3 hrs. lect.; 3 hrs. lab.

434 Immunology. (3) A study of antigens and antibodies, the immune response and immunity, immunologic testing, allergy and hypersensitivity, transplantation, autoimmune diseases, and cancer immunology. Laboratory includes selected immunologic techniques. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better), MICR 200 (C grade or better), ZOOL 200 (C grade or better); one year of Chemistry.

451 Environmental Microbiology. (3) An exploration of how microorganisms interact in the environment and how this knowledge of microbiology can be used to address environmental issues such as ecosystem health, pollutant bioremediation, pathogen transport, sustainable agriculture, water quality, and wastewater treatment. Writing Instruction in the Disciplines (WID) course. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better), MICR 200 (C grade or better), ZOOL 200 (C grade or better), and ENG 280; or permission of instructor.

460 Parasitology. (3) Ecology and evolutionary relationships of parasitic eukaryotes. Emphasis on parasites of humans. May not be taken 
by students who have completed ZOOL 460. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better) and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better).

463 Pathogenic Bacteriology. (3) The study of bacteria, rickettsia, mycoplasma, and chlamydia which cause disease in humans. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better), MICR 200 (C grade or better), and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better).

464 Medical Mycology. (3) The study of fungi which cause disease in humans. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better) and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better).

465 Industrial and Fermentation Microbiology. (3) Examines the commercial use and large-scale cultivation of microorganisms to produce natural products and processes of major economic, environmental, and social importance. Laboratory exercises in microbial fermentation processes. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better), MICR 200 (C grade or better), and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better).

ZOOLOGY (ZOOL)

200 Introduction to Animal Biology. (4) (General Education/Natural Sciences) A lecture and laboratory course recommended for science majors and minors, emphasizing basic principles in animal biology including scientific inquiry, cell biology, genetics, ecology, evolution, and diversity in animal anatomy and physiology. IAI: L1 910L; BIO 910 as BOT/ZOOL 200 sequence.

320 Vertebrate Embryology. (3) Development of the vertebrate body and its organs. Provides a basis for understanding adult anatomy. Both lecture and laboratory are descriptive. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better) and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better).

321 Comparative Anatomy. (3) Anatomy of the vertebrates studied from the viewpoint of their evolutionary history. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better) and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better); junior standing or consent of the instructor.

325 Vertebrate Evolution. (3) The evolutionary history of the vertebrates, emphasizing macroevolutionary trends in vertebrate diversity and skeletal functional morphology. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better) and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better) or GEOL 112 or ANTH 111.

330 Human Anatomy and Physiology I. (4) An integrated study of the organ systems of the normal human body. Subjects covered include cells, tissues, skeletal, muscular, central, and autonomic nervous systems. Laboratory includes cat dissection and appropriate physiological experiments. Prerequisite: BIOL 101 (C grade or better) or ZOOL 200 (C grade or better) or MICR 200 (C grade or better), or permission of the instructor.

331 Human Anatomy and Physiology II. (4) A continuation of ZOOL 330. The topics included are the endocrine, respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, metabolic, urinary, and reproductive systems. Prerequisite: ZOOL 330.

410 Ornithology. (3) Identification, biology, ecology, and life histories of birds. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better) and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better). Frequent field trips.

411 Entomology. (3) Principles of entomology, including classification, general biology, and morphology. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better) and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better).

412 Mammalogy. (3) IIdentification, classification, distribution, and life histories of mammals. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better) and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better).

413 Herpetology. (3) Identification, classification, distribution, and biology of reptiles and amphibians. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better) and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better).

414 Ichthyology. (3) Identification, classification, distribution, and life histories of fishes. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better) and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better). Estimate of field trip costs: $10.00. Outside field trips required.

415 Invertebrate Zoology. (3) A study of invertebrate form and function as it relates to taxonomy, evolution, ecology, behavior, and physiology. Laboratory will involve comparative experimental and observational approaches. Prerequisite: ZOOL 200 (C grade or better).

417 (Cross-listed with ANTH 417) Primate Ecology, Behavior and Evolution. (3) This course takes an interdisciplinary approach to primatology utilizing principles from anthropology, ecology, paleontology, and animal behavior. Students gain an understanding of the evolutionary history, adaptations, and conservation of primates and their habitats. Not open to students with credit in ANTH 417. Prerequisite: ANTH 111 or ZOOL 200 (C grade or better) or permission of instructor. Junior standing recommended.

420 Biology of Aging. (3) Introduction to the nature and theories of aging. A study of the processes involved at the molecular, cellular, organ, and organismal levels of development and the changes that occur with time. Relationships between aging and immunity, neoplasia, and systems integration are explored. Emphasis on humans. Prerequisites: BIOL 100 and 101 or BOT 200 (C grade or better) and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better).

430 Animal Physiology. (3) Systemic physiology, concerning the functions of nervous, muscular, respiratory, digestive, excretory, reproductive, and endocrine systems. Writing Instruction in the Disciplines (WID) course. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better); ZOOL 200 (C grade or better); one year of Chemistry; ENG 280.

432 Neurobiology. (3) Provides a quantitative understanding of neurophysiology in the context of neural systems that underlie animal behavior. Laboratory uses animal preparations and computer models. Prerequisites: MATH 123 (or higher) with a grade of C or better, and either BIOL 100 (or higher) or PSY 343 with a grade of C or better, and minimum of junior standing; or permission of instructor.

451 Advanced Topics in Animal Ecology. (3) Relationships of animals to their environment. Writing Instruction in the Disciplines (WID) course. Prerequisites: BIOL 350, ZOOL 200 (C grade or better), and ENG 280.

452 Freshwater Biology. (3) Common freshwater organisms and some of their relationships to one another, to their environment, and to man. May not be taken by students who have completed BOT 452. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better) and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better).

460 Parasitology. (3) Ecology and evolutionary relationships of parasitic eukaryotes. Emphasis on parasites of humans. May not be taken 
by students who have completed MICR 460. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better) and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better).

461 (Cross-listed with NURS 461) Pathophysiology. (4) Alteration in physiology, pathogenesis of structure and function of 
the human body leading to disease, and manifestations of disease states are discussed. In addition, body system interaction is analyzed in maintaining physiological homeostasis during disease/altered states. Not open to students with credit in NURS 461. Prerequisites: MICR 200 (C grade or better), ZOOL 330 and ZOOL 331; or consent of instructor.

476 Special Topics. (3–9, repeatable to 9 for different topics) This course explores a topic in zoology of current interest. See course schedule for description. Only 6 s.h may count toward major. Prerequisites: BOT 200 (C grade or better) and ZOOL 200 (C grade or better).

485 (Cross-listed with RPTA 485) Resource Management for Fly Fisheries. (3) Students will learn trout stream ecology and management, and gain fly-fishing experience. Course includes a one-week trip to a stream for students to meet with resource professionals and to practice their skills. Not open to students with credit in RPTA 485. Prerequisite: One of the following:  BOT 200 (C grade or better), MICR 200 (C grade or better), ZOOL 200 (C grade or better), RPTA 110, RPTA 111, or permission of instructor.

CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE (CLS): CLINICAL TOPICS IN CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

Hospital-based lecture and clinical laboratory courses in an accredited and affiliated school of medical technology. Students will register for 
15 s.h. for Fall semester and 15 s.h. for Spring semester. Total hours approximately 30–32 s.h.

490 Clinical Chemistry I. (1–6, repeatable to 6) Theory and practice of analytical biochemistry as applied to pathologic states, methodology, and instrumentation. Statistics as applied to reagent preparation, result determination, and quality control. Prerequisite: acceptance for clinical education into an affiliated school of medical technology.

491 Clinical Chemistry II. (1–6, repeatable to 6) Theory and practice of analytical biochemistry as applied to specialized tests for drugs, endocrine function, and urine and body fluid analysis. Prerequisite: acceptance for clinical education into an affiliated school of medical technology.

492 Clinical Microbiology I. (1–6, repeatable to 6) Theory and practice of the isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria in clinical specimens through cultures, morphology, biochemical, and serological reactions and their drug susceptibility. Prerequisite: acceptance 
for clinical education into an affiliated school of medical technology.

493 Clinical Microbiology II. (1–6, repeatable to 6) Theory and practice of the isolation and identification of fungi, parasites, and viruses utilizing morphological, cultural, biochemical, and serological methods. Prerequisite: acceptance for clinical education into an affiliated school of medical technology.

494 Clinical Immunology. (1–5, repeatable to 5) The study of principles of the protective and adverse aspects of cellular and humoral responses. Performance of test procedures based on antigen-antibody reactions. Prerequisite: acceptance for clinical education into an affiliated school of medical technology.

495 Clinical Homeostasis. (1–4, repeatable to 4) The study of platelets, vascular, coagulation, and fibrinolytic systems related to the disease state and therapeutic monitoring. Prerequisite: acceptance for clinical education into an affiliated school of medical technology.

496 Clinical Hematology. (1–6, repeatable to 6) The study of the formed elements of the blood and basic morphological changes due to diseases. Prerequisite: acceptance for clinical education into an affiliated school of medical technology.

497 Clinical Immunohematology. (1–5, repeatable to 5) TTheory and practice of immunohematology, including blood groups, blood transfusion, and component preparation. Prerequisite: acceptance for clinical education into an affiliated school of medical technology.

499 Selected Topics. (1–4, repeatable to 4) Selected topics of professional significance which may include management, pathology, medico-legal aspects, and basic teaching principles. Prerequisite: acceptance for clinical education into an affiliated school of medical technology.